The Significance of Sikh Kirpan

The Sikh Kirpan (Sword)

Dr. Trilochan Singh

Guru Gobind Singh received from Guru Nanak The Sword, the Bowl and Victory Unfailing¹. (Guru Gobind Singh)

When all other means fail to curb tyranny, It is but lawful to take up the Sword.

(Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah, 2)

The Sword-Like Spirit of the Sikh Gurus

A Sikh Wearing a Kirpan

Guru Nanak was born with a sword in his heart and soul.It was a sword, he used relentlessly against hypocrisy, cruelty and terror. He denounced religious thugs, and condemned ruthless kings and ministers as they had never been condemned before. Lamenting and protesting against Babur’s massacre, he wrote, “Terrible has been the slaughter, loud have been the cries of the sufferers. Did this not awaken pity in Thee, O Lord? If a strong power attacks another strong power, no one would grieve, none would complain. But when fierce tigers prey on helpless cattle, Thou Herdsman, must answer for it.”²

When Satta and Balwand, the Bards of the Sikh Gurus, describe the anointing ceremony of Guru Nanak’s successor, Guru Angad, they say, “Nanak placed the umbrella of sovereignty on the head of Angad. He has also graced the heart of Angad with the mighty sword (kharag) of divine wisdom. While yet living in this world, Guru Nanak installed his disciple Angad as his successor and Guru, and became the disciple of this successor.”³ Thus Guru Nanak passed on his Sword of Spirit to Guru Angad.

Guru Arjan, the fifth Guru, uses military metaphors throughout his writings. He used these military metaphors to arm his disciples with the Sword of the Spirit, without which no battle can be fought. Guru Arjan writes:

garibi gada hamarl.

khana sagal renii chhari.

Humility is my spiked mace,

To be the dust under everyone’s feet

Is my Two-Edged Sword.

None of the wicked can withstand this weapon.

The perfect Guru has taught me this.

(Adi Guru Granth, Guru Arjan, Raga Sorath, 628)

And with these weapons Guru Arjan became the first martyr of Indian history. He had already started giving military training to his son and successor, Hargobind.

The Sword of Guru Hargobind

When the Sixth Master, Guru Hargobind succeeded his father at the age of 11, he put on two swords. One, he said, was the “Sword of Spirituality”, (Piri) and the other was the “Sword of Political Sovereignty”, (Miri). The Sikhs were to uphold both Religious and Political Freedoms wherever they existed. One was utterly useless without the other. They were not merely to worship God and leave their political and religious freedom in the hands of others and live like slaves, but to fight for fundamental freedom and uphold their dignity and religious, political and cultural identity and integrity, no matter in which country they lived. Nor were the Sikhs supposed to indulge in any such political thinking and action which was devoid of moral and spiritual values. Religion without political freedom and dignity was abject slavery and politics without religion was organized barbarism.

For Guru Gobind Singh the Sword was symbol of God’s Power, Justice and Grace of Divine protection. Through this Invisible and Visible Sword, God protects the saints and the virtuous, and punishes the evil-doers, no matter in which garb evil operates in the world. Contrary to the traditions of ahirnsa (non-violence) carried to extremes of submission of tyranny, Guru Gobind Singh gave a new moral and spiritual direction and new Names of God, based on His Attributes as the Saviour of the weak and humble, and Destroyer and Annihilator of the wicked. Most of the Names of God in Indian tradition emerged out of the divine personality of dancing Krisna and pathetic lover Rama. The Names which he gave to God, centred around the Sanskrit word for Sword, like: Kharag (Braj Bhasa: Khag); As and its compound words As-dhuj, Asketu. The Persian words Tegh and Shamshir are also frequently used.

khag khand bihandam khal dal khandam at’i ran mahdam barbahdam.

Sword (khag) that smites in a flash,

That scatters the armies of the wicked,

In the great battlefield.

Thou symbol of valour,

Thine arm is irresistible;

Thy brightness shineth forth.

The blaze of Thy splendour dazzles like the sun.

Sword, As, Thou art Protector of the saints,

Thou art the scourge of the wicked.

Scatterer of sinners, I take refuge in Thee.

Jai Teghan: Victory to Thee, Supreme Sword; Saviour and Sustainer; Jai Teghan: Sword Supreme, Victor)’ to Thee.

(Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh, Bachitar Natak, 1:2, p. 38)

Thus Guru Gobind Singh has clearly explained in his own words the meaning of the ‘Sword’ as he uses it. His Sword “scatters the wicked” has “the dazzling splendour of the sun”. It is “the Protector of the saints”, “scourge of the wicked”, “Refuge of seers and Heroes”. The Sword, the Eternal and Living Presence of God, Redeemer and Saviour of suffering humanity is ever victorious. The Sword (Tegh) in Sikh theosophy goes hand in hand with Degh (lit: Cauldron or Bowl), the symbol of undiminishing store of food or physical sustenance. Degh and Tegh, as Guru Gobind Singh uses, are the key word symbols of moral and spiritual supremacy of those, who consider God as the divine Giver and Protector.

Maha Kal rakhvar hamaro.

Maha Loh mai kinkar tharo.

Knowing that I am Thine,

Protect me graciously Lord,

Single out my enemies, Lord,

And destroy them one by one.

May there flourish in the world,

Degh: the Bowl of undiminishing Food,

Tegh: the Sword, the symbol of God’s Power and Justice.

(Guru Gobind Singh, Dasam Granth, Krishan Avatar, 435-36, p. 310)

In his letter to Aurangzeb which he wrote when Aurangzeb broke his oath on the Koran for peaceful settlement, Guru Gobind Singh vividly portrays the havoc wrought by the sword of the Mughal despot and the Protective grace of the Invisible Sword, the Presence of Almighty God. He writes:

mazan tegh bar khun kas bedregh. turd nlz khun charkh rezad ba tegh.

Do not mercilessly and ruthlessly use your sword On the helpless people,

Because one day the Unseen Sword Will fall on you for your blood.

(Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah, 69, p. 1392)

When all peaceful means fail to curb the oppressive tyranny of a totalitarian regime, it is righteous, says Guru Gobind Singh, to resort to the sword:

chu kdr az hamah hilte dar guzast.

haldl ast burdan ba Samsir dast.

When all other means fail to curb tyranny,

It is but lawful to take up the sword.

(Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah, 22, p. 1390)

Guru Gobind Singh also writes about the ‘Sword of Wisdom.’ “Gian-ki-badhani” which dispels all darkness and sweeps away all cowardice. In Krishan Avatar he gives his own philosophy, after writing the life of Lord Krisna, based on some hitherto unavailable version of Dasam Sikand of Bhagvatam, “Blessed is he in this world, who always has the Name of God on his lips, and in his heart is ever enshrined the spirit of true warriors. Knowing this body to be transient, he sails on the boat of glorifying God and crosses the stormy ocean of existence. He makes his body a mansion of patience, and within it he lights the blazing lamp of Divine Wisdom. Holding the Sword of Divine Knowledge (Gian-ki- badhanl) in his hands, he sweeps away all cowardice out of his inner life.”⁴

Professor Puran Singh rightly opines: “Every Sikh is to wear His Sword. Not his own. Kirpan is gift from the Guru. It is not an instrument of offence or defence; it is mind made intense by the love of the Guru. The Sikh is to have a sword-like mind. It is the visible sign of an intensely sensitive soul. It is but the symbol of the myriad personality of the Guru’s Sikh that knows no defeat, no disappointment, the personality that is unconquerable in its hope and in its spiritual radiance. Guru Gobind Singh says, “I will make one Sikh dominate over a million.” This realm is the kingdom of the illumined mind. The highly intensified and developed intellect naturally becomes overpowering so much so that it becomes fascinating and attractive in a physical sense. It gather its own moths like the intense flame of a night lamp. The presence of a great spiritual man overpowers millions. What is mind, if it has not the flash of the lightning and the sword? All conquests in the fields of life are mental and moral; physical conquests have meaning and significance, if they are over the forces of evil. He who wears the Guru’s Sword is a complete man, full grown in moral responsibility and spiritual disciplines.”⁵

References and Notes

Degh O Tegh Fateh nusrat be-dirahg Yaft az Nanak, Guru Gobind Singh.

The translation which I have given is by Sir Muhammed Iqbal. It is difficult to accept the translation given by Teja Singh-Ganda Singh in their book A Short History of the Sikhs. There is also no historical truth in Dr Garida Singh’s suggestion in his book Banda Bahadur that Banda was the author of this couplet. We find it in Dasam Granth, Sarb-Loh Granth, and Sainapati’s allusions in Gur Sobha. We find it in the letters of Mata Sahib Devi. We also find it written in Guru Gobind Singh’s own hands in a document preserved with Sodhi families of Anandpur.

Adi Guru Granth, p. 360
Adi Guru Granth, Var Satta and Balwand, 966.
4. Dasam Granth, “Epilogue to Krishna Avatar”, p. 570.
Puran Singh, The Spirit Born People, p. 94.

Source – The Turban and the Sword of the Sikhs by Dr. Trilochan Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Most of us know Maharaja Ranjit Singh as a secular administrator, brave conqueror, and consolidator of the conquered areas who created a strong state of five rivers which extended from Sutlej River to Afghanistan and Kashmir where people lived peacefully. He is respected as a brave general who checked the foreign invaders who looted our land and abducted our ladies to auction them in the foreign lands. On the basis of my study of many books and articles about the Maharaja, I have found that he was also a patron of literature and I would share this with my readers.

Love for Literature

In spite of the adverse circumstances of his time most of which was spent in fighting against the foreign invaders, extending and consolidating his empire, he never lost his love for literature. No doubt, he was illiterate, but he had instructed his Generals that the Khalsa army should not destroy any library in the area they conquer. In 1834 when Hari Singh Nalwa and Prince Nau Nihal Singh attacked Peshawar, he instructed them to see that no damage was done to the precious library at Peshawar. It is said that his own library had hundreds of Arabic, Persian, Hindi and Punjabi books.

Patronizing Writers of Foreign Languages

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was well known for his patronage of literary persons. He was conscious of his duty towards them. He liberally patronized Giani Sant Singh, a scholar of Sanskrit, Punjabi and Persian, who translated The Ramayana by Tulsi Daas.

Fakir Aziz-ud-din and Qadar Bakhsh, his well-known courtiers, were famous scholars of Persian and Arabic As recorded by Sita Ram Kohli, the later was sent by the Maharaja to Ludhiana to learn English at the state expenses.

Zafarnamah Ranjit Singh written in 1832-33 by Dewan Amar Nath is a contemporary Persian source of the reign of the Maharaja who asked him to write. It consists of 41 chapters and was edited by Sita Ram Kohli in 1928. In 1834, he also wrote Fatehnamah in order to celebrate the victory of the Lahore Darbar forces when they conquered and annexed Peshawar.

Another famous scholar, Ahmad Yar, wrote Shahnama Ranit Singh. Munshi Sohan Lal Suri wrote a unique history book, Umdatul Twarikh. Pandit Radha Krishan, author of Qwaide Rajparbandh ( Rules of Administration), was a favorite scholar of Ranjit Singh. Himat Singh was commissioned by the Maharaja to write a book about the administration of Kashmir.

Poets of the Punjabi Language & Ranjit Singh

Ranjit Singh bestowed landed property on many Punjabi poets and awarded them with a lot of cash. Syed Hashim Shah (1734-1843), author of the love story of Shirin Ferhad, was his favorite poet. Manuscript of this book duly stamped by the seal of the Maharaja can be seen in the state archives at Patiala. He was granted Jagir (land) near his village, Jagdeoe, in recognition of his literary eminence. His stories of ‘Sassi Punnu‘ and of ‘Sohni Mehiwal‘, in Punjabi are well known.

Bhai Budh Singh Lahori wrote in poetry a huge book ‘Budh Baridh‘ as desired by the Maharaja, He mentioned this fact in 60th stanza of the book. It is translation of a famous Persian book, Auardanish, about politics.

Bhai Sondha Singh, a poet and scholar of saintly nature was another jewel of his court. In 1808, he translated a Persian book ‘Hatamnama‘. It is his best composition.

Kadar Yar, a famous narrative poet of his time, writes that he was awarded landed property with a well by the Maharaja for writing the story of Puran Bhagat.

Hakam Singh of Raipur wrote more than a dozen compositions. His poem ‘Siharfi Guru Khalse Shah Kee‘ is very famous.

Zafar Beg and Sawan Yar were some other poets who were also patronized by Ranjit Singh. In one of his compositions, Zafar Beg writes that Ranjit Singh was cheated and poisoned by the Firangis.

Shah Mohammad has immortalized himself by writing ‘Jangnama‘. He writes that main cause of the defeat of the Khalsa army was the absence of the Maharaja (Shah Mohammada ik sarkar bajhon fojan jit ke ant noon harian nee.). He admires Ranjit Singh by writing that his empire was truly secular.

Bhag Singh and Kahan Singh Banga were two other well-known poets of the court. Efforts made by the Maharaja for the Punjabi literature are praiseworthy. Piara Singh Padam, a reputed Punjabi writer, in one of his articles, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Punjabi, has given a long list of 24 Punjabi writers and poets who were liberally patronized by the Maharaja.

Sankrit and Hindi Writers Patronized by Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Darbar Sahib hearing a recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib

The Maharaja did not patronize only the writers of Persian and Punjabi, but he was also liberal towards poets and writers of Sanskrit and Hindi whom he awarded profusely in spite of the fact that some of them did not belong to Punjab. Pandit Nihal Singh Lahori who interpreted ‘Japji‘ in Sanskrit was a reputed poet in the court of the Maharaja. He also wrote two books-Sikhi Parbhakar and Nirmal Parbhakar. In these books, he praised the Khalsa.

In his book ‘Fatehnamah Guru Khalsa Jee Ka‘, Ganesh Daas Pingal has nicely narrated the wars of Multan and Peshawar fought by Ranjit Singh. Gwal Bhatt of Mathura who narrated in detail victories of Ranjit Singh in his epic ‘Vijaie Vinod‘ lived in the Maharaja’s court for a long time. He was a reputed Hindi poet and was paid 500 rupees per month. He wrote that during the reign of the Maharaja the lion and the goat could quench their thirst together from the same ferry.

Bhai Megh Singh, a student of Giani Sant Singh, wrote the biography of his teacher in his book ‘Bhai Sahib Chandrak‘. Another famous poet of the court, Puran Singh, wrote the most important story of the conquest of Sirhind.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Court Language

No doubt, during the Maharaja’s reign the Punjab witnessed about 40 years of peace. Still, the foundation of the Sikh power rested upon military organization, therefore, the main emphasis was on military matters. Persian had been the court language since long. No doubt the ruler was new, but the courtiers and system did not change.

Moreover, Ranjit Singh was awfully busy in extending and consolidating his empire. Strengthening the state borders and teaching a lesson to the foreign invaders from the west who insulted and looted us took his whole time. Afghans from the west and British soldiers from Delhi were eager to usurp his kingdom.

Court language of the neighboring states and even that of the East India Company was Persian. Even the Marathas in the 18th century had Persian as their court language. The whole office record of the Peshwas period was in Persian. It does not mean that the Maharaja did not want to introduce Punjabi in Gurmukhi script as the official language The fact is that circumstances did not allow him to take this step. Changing required a long and peaceful period. Conversation in the offices was done in Punjabi’

Lover of Calligraphy

As described by Fakir Aziz-ud- din, the Maharaja rewarded calligraphists. Once Pir Bakhash, a calligraphist of Arabic and Persian, wrote the holy Quran and was looking for some rich Muslim who may take the holy Quran and give him a good award. When the Maharaja came to know of it, he sent for Pir Bakhash, took the holy Quran from him for ten thousand rupees. The Fakir asked the Mahraja why he did that as it was something that concerned a Muslim. The Maharaja said, “God granted me only one eye so that I may see all the holy books with one eye.“

Conclusion

I agree with Sayed Mohammmad Latif who wrote in his book ‘History of the Punjab‘ that Maharaja Ranjit Singh patronized the scholars and poets of Arabic, Persian, Hindi and Punjabi whose compositions are a valuable source for the history of his period.

Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (1718-1783) : A True Inspiration

Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, is known as Sultan-ul-Kaum in the Sikh community. Sardar Jassa Singh, the great hero of Sikh history, was born on 3 May, 1718, in the village of Ahlu, Lahore, in the house of Sardar Badar Singh. Jassa Singh was four when his father died. Jassa Singh’s mother took him to Mata Sundari ji in Delhi. Being influenced by Bal Jassa Singh’s Kirtan and service, Mata Sundari ji kept Jassa Singh with him, after which Jassa Singh was in Delhi for almost seven years.

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